A circulator or circulation pump is a special type of pump used to circulate gases, liquids or slurries in a closed circuit. They are commonly found in circulating water in hydronic heating or cooling systems. Because they only circulate the fluid in a closed loop, they only need to overcome the fri

The Jonval turbine is a water turbine design invented in France in 1837 and brought into widespread use in the United States around 1850. [2] The Jonval turbine is a "mixed flow" turbine design. The mixed flow design is ideal for low head applications common in the Eastern United States. Smaller siz

Francis turbines convert energy under high-pressure water heads that are not easily obtained, so considering that the water volume is large enough, turbines are required to convert energy under low-pressure water heads. It is easy to convert a high head to power, but it is difficult with a low head.